THE MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS OF ENGLISH CONVERSION

Dwi Astuti Wahyu Nurhayati

STAIN Tulungagung, East Java

Abstract: This paper examines the morphological process of English conversion which produces  the new morpheme or a process of word formation or a  process of changing lexeme or changing the meaning from  certain base. It includes concatenative morphology and non-concatenative (conversion included in non-catenatative). Conversion is derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. The English conversion types covers direction conversion, partial conversion, deverbal, deadjectival, conversion  to verb, conversion to adjective, minor categories of conversion, chnage of secondary word class: noun, verbs, adjectives, change with formal modifications.

Keywords: Morphological process, English conversion

A major way in which morphologists investigate words, their internal structure, and how they are formed is through the identification and study of morphemes, often defined  as the smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical function (Aronoff, 2005: 2). This definition is not meant to include all morphemes, but it is usual one and  a good starting point. A moprheme may consist of a word, such as hand, or meaningful piece of  a word, such as the –ed of looked, that can not be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Another way in which morphemes have been defined is as  a pairing between sound  and meaning.

It may also run across the term morp. The term ‘morp’ is sometimes used  to refer specifically to the phonological realization of  morpheme. For example, the English past tense morpheme.  For example, the English past  tense morpheme that we spell –ed  has various morphs. It  is realised as (t) after the voiceless (p) of jump (cf. Jumped), as (d) after  the voiced (l) of repel (cf. Repelled), and as (ₔd) after the voiceless (t) of root or the voiced (d) of wed (cf. Rooted and wedded). We can also call  these morphs allomorphs or variants.  

Morphological process has several process one of them is conversion. Conversion is another morphological process which can change nouns to verbs (http://linguallyspeaking.wordpress.com/2009/11/04/noun-to-verb/). In conversion, the structure and sound of the words do not change, though the word class is different. Regard and regret are examples of words which are involved in this process – they do not require affixes to change the word class. Usually, words which are included in conversion has two syllabus, and sometimes has very similar meaning in both noun and verb word class. For example, regard (noun) means respect or admiration and regard (verb) means to has respect or admiration, and regret (noun) means a feeling of sadness and sorrow and regret means to feel sad and sorrow. Perhaps, this is why some words do not have any changes even if the word class has changed.  

DERIVATION

 According to Katamba ( 1994: 205)  derivation  is a  process of affixation which used to create new lexemes. In other words  derivation means  process of forming word by changing lexemes (arising new lexemes ) from the former lexeme (it may change  categories of words: affixation process which is  possibly arising new lexemes).

Bauer (1988:12-13) states that derivation is a morphological process which produces new morphemes, whereas Matthews (1974: 38)  explains  that derivation  is  a different word  form  from different paradigm.

According to Nida (in Edi Subroto (1985:269)  the formation of derivational includes the same of word class  ( it includes  certain word class system) such as: singer’a person who has  a profession as singer’ (noun), from verb (to) sing’ do activity to sing’. Derivational affix can  change  the word class, have limited distribution ( for example derivational Affix –er is predicted, it does  not always have  thhe basic for of verb into nomina, and the formation of derivational becomes  basic to the formation as follows: sing (V)® singer (N)®singers (N).     

For example: In this matter, here there is a chane of lexeme from noun.

 (Noun) changes into  > (Verb)

a)      Fish (n): This is a fish.

From that sentence it can be seen  that the word category “fish” as object of the sentence as singular or plural in noun.

b)      Fish (v): I fish in the river.

c)      Whereas the second sentence which consists of  Subject-Verb-Object) so ‘Fish must be  a Verb because it is positioned between Subject and Object).

Verb > Adjective

a)      Verb. I am trying to open the door  now.

From the example above  the word trying  is placed  after  tobe  which is followed by   verb 1 +ing  (try+ing ) as present continous ( doing activities) in this case trying  verb.

b)      Adjective.  She can be trying at times. (annoying atau difficult to deal with)

Then in the second sentence  the word order  of  trying   is  placed after  modal (can)  +be + adjective , the adjcetive functions as  complement.

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS

Morphological process is the process in which the language user combines one morpheme with another in order to form a word. Hence, morpheme plays a role as the smallest elements in the structure of the word (Yule, 1998). Morphological process is a process combining two morphemes in finding new word.

 A process of word formation or a  process of changing lexeme or changing the meaning from  certain base. Logically that change can be preceeded by the changing of form of morpheme (function and form)  which happen-additional or reduction  of base (by changing the meaning).

            There are two processes as follows:

1.      concatenative morphology: putting morphemes together (combining two morphemes together) including compounding, affixation, incorporation.

2.      non-concatenative: modifying internal structure of morphemes (changing the intrenal structure of morpheme)including: reduplication, internal modification, conversion, back  derivation

 

                                                                                   

	compounding		affixation		reduplication (repetition)		internal modificationconcatenative		conversion		back derivation

 

incorporation

                                      

In this article the writer only focusess the the morphological of English conversion. The status of conversion is a process has  the same as compounding, affixation, reduplication or modification. This is a changing of lexical category ( http://www.kul.pl/files/30/UW/06Morphology-class-handout.pdf) For example in lexeme [cook]V > [[cook]V+Ø]N, Causative [empty]A > [[empty]A+ Ø]V.

“Cook” is  considered as verb can be changed into as noun, then for lexeme “empty” as  verb has causative meaning  change into  “empty” adjective lexeme.

Conversion

The formation of words  does not  change the form of  former lexeme in  which functions as base or assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form, so the head lexeme in this below can function or can be classified into word class as verb or noun, this process could be called as conversion ( Katamba, 1993: 54).

1.      a.The head of the village school has arrived

b. The heads of the village schools have arrived                                            

2.      a. She will head the village school.

      b. She headed that school.

            The form above can be part of morphological structural, dan  the part of syntactical position in which  the lexeme functions as noun or verba. From the syntactical point of view, this form can be known  that   1.a the head as noun phrase. As  a head  can be followed  the and this is a key  in  a construction that head must be  as noun or verb  when the lexeme  can stand without  following  affixes, however  in the lexeme heads, the existing of morph-s indicates as plural noun  as a hint.

            On the contrary, in 2.a the lexeme head  must be a verb, because  it is followed by modal  auxilliary will in  a  postion)  which  is usually followed by the verb. In the second example 2.b. the lexeme head attacehd morpheme –ed  represents past morpheme and which are found in verb lexeme. Furthermore  in syntactical point of view, it is  known that  “she “ as subject  and “that school” as object. The sentence  must have  a verb. Verb usually arises  between subject and object ( the structural constituent in English consists of Subject –Verba-Object) so, headed must a verb because it is located in subject and object.  

Conversion also refers  to zero derivation linguistically (Marchan, 1969; Adams, 1973) and as part of affixation, analogy is based on affixation  in  inflectional morphological.   It is stated zero morphs ( for example without any open markedness) which is used as suffix in morphological derivation. As the example, verb head is derived from by adding zero morph  in lexeme noun head.

            The use of zero derivation  is still controversy, because there is not  noun  head, also the verb head derivation, it has open suffix, if we assume that nul suffix happen in this discussion, it is ended by zero suffix in noun lexeme verses zero suffix in forming verb derivation.  

            Conversion is  derivation process involves without open affixation. Referring to the the head  as  verb derived from  noun as head. This arising problem  is called directionality problem, and the question is any principal way used as hint about the formation of conversion?

            Specifically, this problem need additional dimension meaning. According to  Marchand (1969, in Katamba, 1993:120-121), semantic consideration is more important  than  other to define  the direction of conversion. The more basic consideration is  pair words which have  semantic priority implied by other thing in that lexeme. This is followed  as Marchand said, in case head, we can say that verb head is derived from  noun  head because  to head  functions as  ‘the head of’. Conversion process adds semantic dimesion which functions as basic meaning conveyed by the noun ‘head’.

             Although semantic criteria in case “head” like other cases can be asked in lexeme pair  such as ‘noun sleep’ and “to sleep” as  verb but in this case can be solved  and based on semantically  (although using our own intuition).

            Lexical phonological  can define a little enlightenment in this conversion phenomenon. Before  we ask  how it is necessarry  for us to discuss out of context and  arrange the necessary  background. It relates to the different characteristics stress to the syllable in noun and verb.

            English refers   to two syllable  for noun and verb, a regulation  of lexeme stress /word can be applied in stratum 1 in which the lexicon positioned main stress in the second syllable, but the one placed  the first syllable for noun.

When the noun is derived form verb conversion, this conversion is called ’no-neutral. Morphological conversion get derivation noun by positioning stress in the first syllable of noun.

Verb                                                    Noun

Sur’vey                                                ‘survey

Tor’ment                                             ‘torment

Pro’test                                                ‘protest

Although in ver is formed or derived from noun  by using conversion is called neutral. Stress does not change from the fisrt syllable into second syllable.

Verb                                                    Noun

‘patttern                                              ‘patttern                                             

‘advocate                                            ‘advocate

‘patent                                                 ‘patent

‘lever                                                   ‘lever  

Derivation Verb is separated from the rule of stratum 1 which positiones stress to the second syllable when it is formed, no in the first stratum, but in the second stratum.

The hipothesis that lexicon which consists of   strata composed hierarcically not only cope  the fact of stress but also set the differences  the productivity among deverbal nouns deverbal nouns (deverba noun ( noun is derived from verb) as contrasts of sebagai lawan dari  denominal (verb which is derived from noun) formed and based on   conversion  process. The formation of noun less general  than  verb formation of noun. Majority  noun has derived   verb through conversion but it is applicable vice versa.

Futher evidence that derived words are not necessarily found in the lexicon comes from first language acquisition. While English-speaking adults typically have  production vocabularies are much smaller, ranging from  about 50-600 words at age 2 to about 14.000 at age 6. To make up for this, children frequently coin new words (Clark 1995: 393, 399-401). One  way in which children do this      is to use zero-derivation or conversion, a productive derivational process in English.Zero-derivation changes the lexical category of a word without changing its phonological shape. The following are all examples of novel verbs formed by 2 to 5 –year-olds by zero- derivation (examples taken from Clark 1995: 402) 

a.        SC(2;4, as his mother prepared to brush his hair) Don’t hair me.

b.      JA 2;6, seated in a rocking chair): Rocker me, mommy.

c.       SC(2;7, hitting baby sitter with toy broom): I broomed her.

d.      SC(2;9, playing with toy lawnmower): I’m lawning.

e.       DM(3;0, pretending to be Superman): I’am supermanning.

f.        FR(3;3, of a doll that disappeared): I guess she magicked.

g.      RT ($;0, pretending to be a doctor fixing a broken arm): We’re gonna cast that.

h.      RT(4;0, Is Anna going to babysitter me?

i.        CE(4;11): We already decorationed out tree.

j.        KA(5;0): Will you chocolate my milk?

The fact that chidren, as well as adults, spontaneously create verbs like to lawn or to broom, that they have never heard before tells us that there is  more morphology than the lexicon- there is also a generative  component. Furthermore, the fact that the verbs above  were uttered once does not imply that they were automatically inserted into the speaker’s lexicon, as we would be able to show if later on we asked the same children to describe similar situations and it turned out that they didi not use the nonce form above.

It must be mentioned directionality of  derivation here. How do we know  that  a verb is derived from a noun or vice versa? If it is not obvious, we must research the answer in a good dictionary.

  Katamba further mentions that ( 2005: 48 ) English  very often is  the form lexeme  no through by affixation process but through conversion process or another definition  is called zero derivation,  for example, it happened alteration or the change  form in a base ( a base or basic morphme). In other word, the form of word class is the same, but it cahnges the  lexeme or different lexeme.

Conversion verb  into noun  in English is very productive. It is usually the same form  used as verb or it poses as noun, only recognizing grammatical context in order to know whether the lexeme is  included in which category. Thus, this lexeme “jump” in  both of sentences  almost have the same  form, but in fact they have different lexeme. Therefore lexeme“jump”  in both sentences, the first sentence  is as non finite verb whereas in the second  sentence  “jump” as  noun or singular noun.

Example in sentences:

a. The pig will jump over the stile!

b. What a jump!

In  the sentence “ What a jump!” the verb “jump”  is conversed into noun through ‘zero derivation process, for example  without no using any affixes.  This  is possible for us  to know whether  this lexeme  as  noun or verb in the position of a sentence. If we want to know the lexeme “the pig” poses as subject, and modal auxiliarry  and the position  is before lexeme jump”, it can be known  that this lexeme must be a verb but the lexeme “jump”  arises after uncertain article. It shows that the certainty of  lexeme is a noun. 

            In this table below there are some list of general form as the change of subject from the conversion of  noun into vern  become verb or verb into noun.  It is not difficult  for us to define  the situation  whether those words as noun or verb.

- Light        - bridge      -seat     -kick - fish         - bus           - dog     - lift -farm        - police       - smear  - finger -smell      - skin          -  rain     - paper

The unlimited changes  of noun and verb. Adjective  also get conversion. As example,  the form  “green” represents  adjective into 1) a  as adjective whereas 1) b as noun.

1) a. The Green Party had political clout in the 1980s,

1) b. The Greens had political clout in the 1980s.

Like others, certain adverbs are formed from adjective  no change of form  can be seen  as follows:

2) a. She is a fast runner, (fast Adj.)

2) b. She runs very fast. (fast Adv.)

The lexeme “Slow”  furthermore has more than one possibility. The lexeme“slow’ can be used in word class category of adjective, adverb, verb, or noun:

3) a. He is a slow bowler, (slow could be categorized into adjective)

3) b. Go slow, (slow could be categorized into  Adverb)

3) c. Slow the car! (slow could be categorized into  Verb)

3) d. Mr Slow is a popular children’s book, (slow could be categorized into Noun)

The wide of using conversion show that how important  the criteria of syntactical function  defines the member of English word class. The most important thing is found  those lexemes used more based on the function than morphological form  which states that lexeme will be  classified in any lexeme.

Other conversions  such as

- regard Verb   - regret verb

-regard   Noun- regret noun

When  a noun is used  as averb linguistically, this process called morphological conversion. In lexeme ‘fish”  in this below

1.      Fish (n): This is a fish.
Fish (v): I'm fishing in the river.

Other definition about conversion or (zero derivation)  is changing category or word class  without additional affixes.  For example  conversion happened in certain changes below:

a.    N> V (from word class noun > changes into Verb)  it could be found lexemes as follows:

·         torch (a house),

·         access (a file),

·         hammer,

·         butter,

·         accent,

·         sign,

·         blossom,

·         e-mail

b.    V>N (The changes of verb into  noun  could be found in some lexemes below:   

·         a look,

·         call,

·         crack,

·         cry,

·         meet (slang for meeting),

·         walk

c.    A>V (The changes of word class or adjective category into verb, could be seen in these lexemes below:

·      slow (the tempo),

·      cool (the wine),

·      busy (oneself),

·      bare,

·      humble,

·      empty

Sometimes conversion could be accompanied by stress:

For example the lexeme  compóund  as  (V: Verb) is  compared to  (N: noun); as this lexeme follows:

·         conflict,

·         contest,

·         decrease,

·         insult,

·         refill,

·         remake,

·         torment,

·         transfer

Frequently  conversion of verb  > changes into Noun conversions appear as objects of semantically empty verbs seperti:

·         have/take: have a whinge/ smoke/

·         cry/ jog/ sleep/ wash/ look;

·         have a kick with the footbal;

·         take a shower.

Conversion and Suffixation

Conversion is derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. In this way, conversion is closely analogous to suffixation(Katamba, 1994:1558). Conversion is unusually prominent as a word formation process, through both the variety of conversion rules and their productivity.

For example :                          VERB                                     DEVERBAL NOUN

            SUFFIXATION :       acquit              =          acquittal

            CONVERSION :       release             =          release

Direction of Conversion

Certain difficulties arise in describing conversion, in that one does not have the addition of a suffix as a guide when deciding which item should be treated as the base and which as the derived form. Of course, as with other types of word formation discussed in this Appendix, treat conversion not as a historical process, but rather a process now available for extending the lexical resources of the language.

This criterion cannot be easily applied to release above, but one may note that release as a noun is parallel to other nouns derived from verbs in dynamic use as regard semantic restriction. In the survey of types of conversion that follows, we resume the principle of classification that was adopted for suffixation. This means that we group words according to the class of the base and the class of the word derived.

Partial Conversion

Some grammars make a distinction between ‘full conversion’. Where a word of one class appears in a function which is characteristic of another word class. Indeed, it is doubtful whether this rather restricted use of adjective should be treated as a word formation process at all; not only is there no inflectional evidence of the word’s  status as a noun, but there is inflectional evidence of its unchanged status as an adjective.

The words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. It will be seen from the sets presented below that the most productive categories are the denominal verbs and the deverbal nouns.A converted item typically does not earry with it the semantic range it had in the word class from which it was converted. This seems to be especially relevant in the case of denominal verbs which commonly relate to only one of the meanings possessed by the noun.

Conversion to noun

Deverbal

a)      ‘State’ [generally state of mind or state of sensation] (from verbs used statively to count or noncount nouns) :

eg: desire, doubt, love, smell, taste, and want

b)      ‘Event/activity’ (from verbs used dynamically) :

eg: fall, hit, laugh, search, swim, shut-down, walk-out, and blow-out.

c)      ‘Object of V’:

eg: answer [that which answers], bet, catch, find, and hand-out.

d)     ‘Subject of V’ :

eg: bore [someone who or that which bores/is boring], cheat, coach, show-off, and stand-in.

e)      ‘Instrument of V’ :

eg: cover [something with which to cover thing], paper, and wrap.

f)       ‘Manner of V-ing’ :

eg: walk [manner of walking], throw, and lie (eg: in the lie of the land).

g)      ‘Place of V’ :

eg: divide, retreat, rise, turn, lay-by, and drive-in.

Note: It will be noticed that the examples above include nouns formed from phrasal and prepositional verb.

De-adjectival

There is no very productive pattern of adjective →noun conversion. Miscellaneous example are:

I’d like two pints of bitter, please. [= type of beer]

As a football player, he’s a natural. [= a naturally skilled player]

They’re running in the final. [= the final race]

Also daily [daily newspaper], weekly, monthly, annual, perennial, comic [comic actor], regulars [regular customers], roast [roast beef], (young) married [young married people <informal>], a wet, a red. From these axamples, it is seen that adjective → noun conversion can usually be explained in terms of a well established adjective + noun phrase from which the noun has been ellipted. On conversions involving phrases containing adjective.  

Conversion to verb

Denominal

A.    ‘to put in/on N’:

Bottle [‘to put into a bottle’], carpet (subordinate <BrE>), corner, catalogue, floor, garage, position, shelve (books: cf App 1.56): common in nounce usages such as rack (the plates), porch (the newspaper)

B.     To give N, to provide with N:

Butter (bread), coat [‘to give a coat (of paint, etc) to’], commission, grease, mask muzzle, oil, plaster

C.     To deprive of N:

Care [‘remove  the core from’], gut, peel, skin, top-and-nail <BrE>

D.    To…. With N (more precisely, the meaning of the verb is to use the referent of the noun as an instrument for whatever activity is particularly associ used with it)

Brake [ to stop by means of a brake], elbow, fiddle, hand, finger, glue, knife

E.     To     be        as N with respect to;

          act

chaperon [‘to act as chaperon to’], father, nurse, parrot, pilot, referee: occurs in nonce use such as ‘ He Houdinied himself out of the lock cell’

F.      To       make       ……. Into

Change

Cash [to change into cash], cripple, group

G.    To       [i] send           by N

                  [ii] go

[i] mail [ to send by mail], ship, telegraph

[ii] bicycle [ to go by bicycle], boat, canoe, motor

Most of the verbs in this category are transitive, with the exception of Type G [ii], and a few members of Type D

De-adjectival

A.    (transitive verbs) ‘to make adj’ or ‘to make more adj’:

Calm[‘to make calm’], dirty, dry, humble, lower, soundproof

B.     (intransitive verbs) ‘ to become adj’: generally adjectives in Type A can also have this finction, and it may seen as a secondary conversion (cf  App 1.54): dry [‘to become dry’], empty, narrow, weary (of), yellow

Sometimes a phrasal verb is derivied from an adjective by the addition of a particle : smooth out [‘to make smooth’], sober up [‘to become sober’], calm down [‘to become calm’]

            This category competes with –en suffixation (cf App 1.42) and sometimes both derivations are available for the same adjective: eg: black (en), quite (en):

            He    blaced                his face with soot

blackened

Conversion to Adjective

Denominal

Membership of this category can be postulated only when the noun form occurs in predicative as well as in attributive position since the latter is freely available of nouns within the grammar of noun phrase. Example:

·         A brick garage - the garage is brick

·         Reproductive furniture – this furniture is reproduction

·         Worcester porcelain – this porcelain is Worcester

Also this dress is cotton, this one is nylon, but this one is wool. Denominal adjectives are normally nongradable, but informally (and especially with reference to style) we find examples like:

·         His accent is very Mayfair (very Harvard)

·         It was a funny story but not quite drawing-room

Minor categories of conversion

There are several anomalous and miscellaneous types of conversion, chiefly used informally; among them following noteworthy.

1.      Conversion to nouns

a.       From closed-class words; there are some well-established examples:

·         His argument contains too many ifs and buts

·         This books is a must for the student of aerodynamics

·         It tells you about the how and the why of flight

b.      From affixes: very occasionally, an affix may be converted into a noun:

Patriotism, nationalism, and any other isms you’d like to name.

c.       From phrases; sequences of more than one word are sometimes used as nouns, reduced to one-word status by conversion rather than by any of the normal patterns off compounding.

·         Whenever I gamble, my horse is one of the also-rans.

2.      Conversion to verbs

From closed-class and nonlexical items, chiefly informal:

·         They downed tools in protest

·         She will off and do her own thing

·         If you uh-uh again, I won’t go on with my story

3.      Conversion to adjective

From phrases:

·         an up-in-the-air feeling – I feel very up in the air

·         An upper-class manner – his manner is very upper-class

From closed-class items, we may cite examples like the following:

·         That’s how the Fieldings next door do it, but it’s not quite us

Change of secondary word class: nouns

The notion of conversion may be extended to changes of secondary word class, within the same major word category.

Types of conversion (reclassification) within the noun category are:

a)      Noncount noun  → count noun

1.      A unit of N:

Two coffees [cups of coffee]

2.      A kind of N:

Some points are more lasting than others.

This is a better bread than the one I bought last.

3.      An instance of N:

A difficulty, small kindness, a miserable failure, home truths, a great injustice.

b)      Count noun  → noncount noun

N viewed in terms of a measurable extent:

An inch of pencil, a few square feet of floor.

c)      Proper noun  → common noun

a.       A member of the class typified by N:

A Jeremiah

A letter day Plutarch

Edinburg is the Athens of the north

b.      A product of N:

A Rolls Royce

A pack of Chesterfields

The museum has several Renoirs

d)      Stative noun  →  dynamic noun

Nouns are characteristically stative, but they can assume the dynamic meaning of temporary role or activity as subject complement following the progressive of be:

He is being      fool

Nuisance

Hero

Etc.

Change of secondary word class: verbs

a)      Intransitive  → transitive

Cause to V

Run the water [cause the water to run], march the prisoners, slide the bolt back.

b)      Transitive  → intransitive

a.       Be V-ed

The clock winds up at the back [its to be wound up]

b.      To V oneself:

Have you washed yet?

c.       To V someone/ something:

We have eaten already [eaten something]

c)      Intransitive →  copular

a.       Current meaning:

He lay flat, we stood motionless

b.      Resulting meaning:

He fell flat,  the sun was sinking low

d)      Copular  →  intransitive

What must be, must be.

e)      Monotransitive  →  complex transitive

a.       Current meaning:

We catch them young [… when they are young]

b.      Resulting meaning:

I wiped it clean

Change the secondary word class: adjectives

A)     Nongradable  → gradable

He’s more English than the English

Some people’s behavior is rather incredible

I have a very legal turn of mind

B)     Stative  →  dynamic

Dynamic meaning is signaled by the progressive aspect of be:

He’s just being friendly

Your uncle is being bigoted, as usual

He’s being awkward about it

Conversion with formal modifications

In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain nonaffixal changes affecting pronunciation or spelling stress distribution. The most important kinds of alteration are:

a)      VOICING OF FINAL CONSONANTS

The unvoiced fricative consonants /s/, /f/, and // in some noung are voiced to /z/, /v/, and /0/ respectively in the corresponding verbs forms:

NOUN	VERB
House /-s/	House /-z/
Advice /-s/	Advice /-z/
Uses /-s/	Uses /-z/
Abuse /-s/	Abuse /-z/
Grief /-f/	Grief /-v/
Shelf /-f/	Shelf /-v/
Half /-f/	Half /-v/
Thief /-f/	Thief /-v/
Belief /-f/	Belief /-v/
Relief /-f/	Relief /-v/
Mouth /ø/	Mouth /ð/
Sheath /ø/	Sheath /ð/
Wreath /ø/	Wreath /ð/

b)      SHIFT OF STREES

When verbs of two syllables are noun converted into nouns, the stress is sometimes ǿǿǿshifted from the second to the first syllable. The first syllable, typically a Latin prefix, often has a reduced vowel /Ə/ in the verb but a full vowel in the noun:

He was con’victed (/kƏn/) of theft, and so became a ‘convict (/kɒn/)

The following is a fairly full list of words having end-stress as verbs but initial stress as nouns in
Bre (in AmE, many have initial stress as verbs also):

Abstract, accent, combine, compound, compress, concert, impress, incline, import, transport, upset, etc.

CONCLUSION

In English conversion is a very productive process, it means that we often find new lexemes through  this process.Some morphologists observed that a change  without adding affixes to lexeme  can be called addition of zero affix for example an affix is pronounced. It is allowed the process  of conversion and affixation happen, both of those processes are treated the same, whereas other morphologists prefer to consider that conversion is  different process from affixation. However up to now they could  not have decided to determine this problem yet.

REFERENCES

Bauer, Lauries. 1983. English Word Formation.London:Cambridge University Press.

Katamba, Francis. 1994. Morphology.London: McMillan.

_______________ 2005. English Words. London and New York: Routledge.

Mark, Arronof & Fudeman, K. 2005. What is Morphology?.United Kingdom: Blackwell

Matthews. P.H. 1974. Morphology: An Introduction to The Theory of Word Structure. London: Cambridge University Press.

Subroto, Edi. 1985. Infleksi dan Derivasi: Kemungkinan Penerapannya dalam Pemerian Morfologi Bahasa Indonesiadalam PIBSI VII..Yogyakarata :Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa.

http://www.kul.pl/files/30/UW/06Morphology-class-handout.pdf)

MIDDLE EXAMINATION

English Morphology

Lecturer: Dwi Astuti Wahyu Nurhayati S.S.M.Pd.

Answer these questions briefly!

1.       How do you determine the layers of these morphemes

a.        Antidisestablishmentarianism

b.       Unlockable

c.        nationalizations

2.       How do you define Immediate constituent and ultimate constituent? Explain give examples!

3.       What do you determine  derivational affix and inflectional affix? Explain and give example briefly!

4.       What do you know about structural and lexical ambiguity? Explain and give examples briefly!

5.       How do you determine base, stem and root? Explain and give examples!